Al-Malik an-Nasir Nasir ad-Din Muhammad ibn Qalawun (Arabic: الملك الناصر ناصر الدين محمد بن قلاوون), commonly known as an-Nasir Muhammad (Arabic: الناصر محمد), or by his kunya: Abu al-Ma'ali (أبو المعالى) or as Ibn Qalawun (1285–1341) was the ninth Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt who ruled during three reigns: December 1293 – December 1294 ...

Qutb al-Din Aibak (Persian: قطب‌الدین ایبک), (1150 – 14 November 1210) was a general of the Ghurid king Muhammad Ghori.He was in charge of the Ghurid territories in northern India, and after Muhammad Ghori's death, he became the ruler of an independent kingdom that evolved into the Delhi Sultanate ruled by the Mamluk dynasty.. A native of Turkestan, Aibak was sold into …