The monetary crisis led France to abandon (in 1577) the livre as its money of account, in favor of the écu in circulation, and banning most foreign currencies. Meanwhile, France's military ventures in Italy and disastrous civil wars demanded huge sums of cash, which were raised with through the taille and other taxes. The taille, which was ...

Nur Jahan, born Mehr-un-Nissa (lit. 'Sun Among Women'; c. 1577 – 18 December 1645) was the chief wife of the Mughal emperor Jahangir and is considered by certain historians to have been the real power behind the throne for much of her husband's reign. Nur Jahan was born Mehr-un-Nissa, the daughter of a Grand Vizier (Minister) who served under Akbar.

天正5年（1577年）5月、織田信長に小姓として弟らと共に召し抱えられる （『兼山記』）。以後、信長の側近として活動する。天正9年（1581年）4月20日には近江国に500石の知行を与えら …