The Treaty of Chaumontin 1814 had reaffirmed decisions that had been made already and that would be ratified by the more important Congress of Vienna of 1814–15. They included the establishment of a confederated

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The Congress functioned through formal meetings such as working groups and official diplomatic functions; however, a large portion of the

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Initially, the representatives of the four victorious powers hoped to exclude the French from serious participation in the negotiations, but Talleyrand skillfully managed to insert himself

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The Congress's principal results, apart from its confirmation of France's loss of the territories annexed between 1795 and 1810, which had already been settled by the Treaty of Paris

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The Congress of Vienna has frequently been criticized by 19th century and more recent historians for ignoring national and liberal impulses, and for

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• Diplomatic timeline for 1815
• Precedence among European monarchies
• Concert of Europe
• European balance of power
• Battle of Waterloo

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The Final Act, embodying all the separate treaties, was signed on 9 June 1815 (nine days before the Battle of Waterloo). Its provisions included:

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