Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND) is an attack of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occurs at night. It usually awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening. PND, as well as simple orthopnea, may be relieved by sitting upright at the side of the bed with legs dangling, as symptoms typically occur …

Shortness of breath (SOB), also medically known as dyspnea (in AmE) or dyspnoea (in BrE), is an uncomfortable feeling of not being able to breathe well enough. The American Thoracic Society defines it as "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity", and recommends evaluating dyspnea by assessing …

Coprophagia (/ ˌ k ɒ p r ə ˈ f eɪ dʒ i ə /) or coprophagy (/ k ə ˈ p r ɒ f ə dʒ i /) is the consumption of feces.The word is derived from the Ancient Greek: κόπρος copros, "feces" and φαγεῖν phagein, "to eat".Coprophagy refers to many kinds of feces-eating, including eating feces of other species (heterospecifics), of other individuals (allocoprophagy), or one's own ...

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a medical condition involving the death of tubular epithelial cells that form the renal tubules of the kidneys.Because necrosis is often not present, the term acute tubular injury (ATI) is preferred by pathologists over the older name acute tubular necrosis (ATN). ATN presents with acute kidney injury (AKI) and is one of the most common causes of …

Glass wool is an insulating material made from fibres of glass arranged using a binder into a texture similar to wool.The process traps many small pockets of air between the glass, and these small air pockets result in high thermal insulation properties.

Dispneia também chamada de falta de ar é um sintoma no qual a pessoa tem dificuldade em respirar, normalmente com a sensação de respiração incompleta, muitas vezes acompanhada de opressão torácica e mal estar. [1] É um sintoma comum a um grande número de doenças, em especial na área da cardiologia e pneumologia.Exemplos são as afecções pulmonares, as …

Presentation. Due to the chronic nature of this disease, the leading symptom of restrictive lung disease is progressive exertional dyspnea. For acute on chronic cases, shortness of breath, cough, and respiratory failure are some of the more common signs. Causes. Restrictive lung diseases may be due to specific causes which can be intrinsic to the parenchyma of the lung, …

The NMDA receptor is an example of an alternate mechanism of action, as the NMDA receptor requires co-agonists for activation. Rather than simply requiring a single specific agonist, the NMDA receptor requires both the endogenous agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and glycine. These co-agonists are both required to induce the conformational change needed for …

Arm span or reach (sometimes referred to as wingspan, or spelled "armspan") is the physical measurement of the length from one end of an individual's arms (measured at the fingertips) to the other when raised parallel to the ground at shoulder height at a 90° angle. The arm span measurement is usually very close to the person's height.Age, sex, and ethnicity have to be …

Pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS) is a heart valve disorder.Blood going from the heart to the lungs goes through the pulmonary valve, whose purpose is to prevent blood from flowing back to the heart.In pulmonary valve stenosis this opening is too narrow, leading to a reduction of flow of blood to the lungs.