Features. Zstandard was designed to give a compression ratio comparable to that of the DEFLATE algorithm (developed in 1991 and used in the original ZIP and gzip programs), but faster, especially for decompression. It is tunable with compression levels ranging from negative 7 (fastest) to 22 (slowest in compression speed, but best compression ratio). The zstd package …

Chroma subsampling is the practice of encoding images by implementing less resolution for chroma information than for luma information, taking advantage of the human visual system's lower acuity for color differences than for luminance.. It is used in many video and still image encoding schemes – both analog and digital – including in JPEG encoding.

The concept of information entropy was introduced by Claude Shannon in his 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", and is also referred to as Shannon entropy.Shannon's theory defines a data communication system composed of three elements: a source of data, a communication channel, and a receiver.The "fundamental problem of communication" – as …

Tally marks, also called hash marks, are a unary numeral system ().They are a form of numeral used for counting.They are most useful in counting or tallying ongoing results, such as the score in a game or sport, as no intermediate results need to be erased or discarded.. However, because of the length of large numbers, tallies are not commonly used for static text.

Linear predictive coding (LPC) is a method used mostly in audio signal processing and speech processing for representing the spectral envelope of a digital signal of speech in compressed form, using the information of a linear predictive model.. LPC is the most widely used method in speech coding and speech synthesis.It is a powerful speech analysis technique, and a useful …

Binary prefixes are sometimes used for bit rates. The International Standard (IEC 80000-13) specifies different abbreviations for binary and decimal (SI) prefixes (e.g. 1 KiB/s = 1024 B/s = 8192 bit/s, and 1 MiB/s = 1024 KiB/s).In data communications Gross bit rate. In digital communication systems, the physical layer gross bitrate, raw bitrate, data signaling rate, …

Numeral or number prefixes are prefixes derived from numerals or occasionally other numbers. In English and many other languages, they are used to coin numerous series of words. ... which are used in the metric system and which for the most part are either distorted from the forms below or not based on actual number words. ... unary, binary ...

The Apache Hadoop system uses this algorithm for fast compression. LZ4 was also implemented natively in the Linux kernel 3.11. [9] The FreeBSD, Illumos, ZFS on Linux, and ZFS-OSX implementations of the ZFS filesystem support the LZ4 algorithm for on-the-fly compression.

Lempel–Ziv–Welch (LZW) is a universal lossless data compression algorithm created by Abraham Lempel, Jacob Ziv, and Terry Welch.It was published by Welch in 1984 as an improved implementation of the LZ78 algorithm published by Lempel and Ziv in 1978. The algorithm is simple to implement and has the potential for very high throughput in hardware implementations.

Asymmetric numeral systems optimized for non-uniform probability distribution of symbols; Combinatorial number system; Non-positional notation. All known numeral systems developed before the Babylonian numerals are non-positional, as are many developed later, such as the Roman numerals. The French Cistercian monks created their own numeral system.

An extension of Benford's law predicts the distribution of first digits in other bases besides decimal; in fact, any base b ≥ 2.The general form is = ⁡ (+) ⁡ = ⁡ (+).For b = 2, 1 (the binary and unary) number systems, Benford's law is true but trivial: All binary and unary numbers (except for 0 or the empty set) start with the digit 1.(On the other hand, the generalization of Benford's ...

Counting is the process of determining the number of elements of a finite set of objects, i.e., determining the size of a set. The traditional way of counting consists of continually increasing a (mental or spoken) counter by a unit for every element of the set, in some order, while marking (or displacing) those elements to avoid visiting the same element more than once, until no …

An N-bit ones' complement numeral system can only represent integers in the range −(2 N−1 −1) to 2 N−1 −1 while two's complement can express −2 N−1 to 2 N−1 −1. It is one of three common representations for negative integers in microprocessors , along with two's complement and sign-magnitude .

A color space is a specific organization of colors.In combination with color profiling supported by various physical devices, it supports reproducible representations of color – whether such representation entails an analog or a digital representation. A color space may be arbitrary, i.e. with physically realized colors assigned to a set of physical color swatches with corresponding …