The Cryogenian (from Ancient Greek: κρύος, romanized: krýos, meaning "cold" and γένεσις, romanized: génesis, meaning "birth") is a geologic period that lasted from It forms the second geologic period of the Neoproterozoic Era, preceded by the Tonian Period and followed by the Ediacaran.. Cryogenian was the time of drastic biosphere changes

In the geological timescale, the Llandovery Epoch (from 443.8 ± 1.5 million years ago to 433.4 ± 0.8 million years ago) occurred at the beginning of the Silurian Period. The Llandoverian Epoch follows the massive Ordovician-Silurian extinction events, which led to a large decrease in biodiversity and an opening up of ecosystems.. Widespread reef building started in this period …

This is a list of tectonic plates on Earth's surface. Tectonic plates are pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as the lithosphere.The plates are around 100 km (62 mi) thick and consist of two principal types of material: oceanic crust (also called sima from silicon and magnesium) and continental crust (sial from silicon and aluminium).

In geology, a mélange is a large-scale breccia, a mappable body of rock characterized by a lack of continuous bedding and the inclusion of fragments of rock of all sizes, contained in a fine-grained deformed matrix.The mélange typically consists of a jumble of large blocks of varied lithologies.Both tectonic and sedimentary processes can form mélange.

The Snowball Earth hypothesis proposes that, during one or more of Earth's icehouse climates, the planet's surface became entirely or nearly entirely frozen.It is believed that this occurred sometime before 650 M.Y.A. (million years ago) during the Cryogenian period. Proponents of the hypothesis argue that it best explains sedimentary deposits that are generally believed to be of …

Äquator in Namen von Staaten und Provinzen. Zwei Staaten nehmen in ihrem Namen Bezug auf den Äquator: Ecuador und Äquatorialguinea. Nach 1801 gab es in Südamerika kurzzeitig France Equatorial (Äquatorialfrankreich, Süderweiterung Französisch-Guayanas), bis 1958 gab es auch die Kolonie Französisch-Äquatorialafrika.. Äquatoria wurde mehrfach in der Geschichte als …

The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous Epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous Series.Campanian spans the time from 83.6 (± 0.2) to 72.1 (± 0.2) million years ago. It is preceded by the Santonian and it is followed by the Maastrichtian.

Baltica is a paleocontinent that formed in the Paleoproterozoic and now constitutes northwestern Eurasia, or Europe north of the Trans-European Suture Zone and west of the Ural Mountains.The thick core of Baltica, the East European Craton, is more than three billion years old and formed part of the Rodinia supercontinent at c. 1 Ga.

The Paleozoic comes after the Neoproterozoic Era of the Proterozoic Eon and is followed by the Mesozoic Era.. The Paleozoic was a time of dramatic geological, climatic, and evolutionary change. The Cambrian witnessed the most rapid and widespread diversification of life in Earth's history, known as the Cambrian explosion, in which most modern phyla first appeared.

In geochemistry, paleoclimatology, and paleoceanography δ 13 C (pronounced "delta c thirteen") is an isotopic signature, a measure of the ratio of the two stable isotopes of carbon— 13 C and 12 C—reported in parts per thousand (per mil, ‰). The measure is also widely used in archaeology for the reconstruction of past diets, particularly to see if marine foods or certain types of plants ...

The hypothesized supercontinent cycle is overlaid by the Wilson Cycle named after plate tectonics pioneer John Tuzo Wilson, which describes the periodic opening and closing of oceanic basins from a single plate rift. The oldest seafloor material found today dates to only 170 million years old, whereas the oldest continental crust material found today dates to 4 billion years, …

Despite its enormous size, Kinnekulle is actually the smaller remnant of a much larger plateau, long ago worn down to a flat plain. Some 550 million years ago, in the Neoproterozoic Era, the bottom-most rock of the plateau was under the sea.Layers of sedimentary rock formed over that layer from sand, mud, and sea animal remains.. About 200 million years ago, during the …

A salt dome is a type of structural dome formed when salt (or other evaporite minerals) intrudes into overlying rocks in a process known as diapirism.Salt domes can have unique surface and subsurface structures, and they can be discovered using techniques such as seismic reflection.They are important in petroleum geology as they can function as petroleum traps

The Azolla event is a scenario hypothesized to have occurred in the middle Eocene epoch, around , when blooms of the freshwater fern Azolla are thought to have happened in the Arctic Ocean.As they sank to the stagnant sea floor, over a period of about 800,000 years, they were incorporated into the sediment; the resulting draw-down of carbon dioxide has been speculated …