The French Liberal School (also called the "Optimist School" or "Orthodox School") is a 19th-century school of economic thought that was centered on the Collège de France and the Institut de France. ... Pareto found that the welfare of an economy cannot be measured by aggregating the individual utilities of its inhabitants. Since individual ...

"The economy, stupid" is a phrase that was coined by James Carville in 1992. It is often quoted from a televised quip by Carville as "It’s the economy, stupid." Carville was a strategist in Bill Clinton's successful 1992 presidential campaign against incumbent George H. W. Bush.His phrase was directed at the campaign's workers and intended as one of three messages for …

Paul Robin Krugman (/ ˈ k r ʊ ɡ m ə n / KRUUG-mən; born February 28, 1953) is an American economist and public intellectual, who is Distinguished Professor of Economics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and a columnist for The New York Times. In 2008, Krugman was the winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his …

[citation needed] Given that the British economy of the day yielded an income distribution that stood in contrast to that which existed in France, ... used its power to spread a broadly liberal economic model around the world, characterised by open markets, and relatively barrier-free domestic and international trade.

The economy of Italy is a highly developed social market economy. It is the third-largest national economy in the European Union, the 10th-largest in the world by nominal GDP, and the 12th-largest by GDP (PPP). Italy is a founding member of the European Union, the Eurozone, the OECD, the G7 and the G20; it is the eighth-largest exporter in the world, with $611 billion …

The economy of Equatorial Guinea has traditionally been dependent on commodities such as cocoa and coffee, but is now heavily dependent on petroleum due to the discovery and exploitation of significant oil reserves in the 1980s. In 2017, it graduated from "Least Developed Country" status, the only Sub-Saharan African nation that managed to do so besides Botswana.

The Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (Hungarian: a Szent Korona Országai; informally, Transleithania, meaning the lands or region "beyond" (trans) the Leitha River) were the Hungarian territories of Austria-Hungary, throughout the latter's entire existence (30 March 1867 – 16 November 1918), and which disintegrated following its dissolution. The name referenced the …

Market economy; Natural monopoly; Open society; Permissive society; Popular sovereignty ... like discipline, is linked to institutions and political parties, whether liberal or libertarian; freedom is not. Although freedom can work for or against institutions, it is not bound to them—it travels through unofficial networks. ... Wikipedia® is ...

Liberalism is a school of thought within international relations theory which revolves around three interrelated principles: . Rejection of power politics as the only possible outcome of international relations; it questions security/warfare principles of realism; Mutual benefits and international cooperation; The role of international organizations and nongovernmental actors in shaping …

A night-watchman state, or minarchy, whose proponents are known as minarchists, is a model of a state that is limited and minimal, whose functions depend on libertarian theory. Right-libertarians support it only as an enforcer of the non-aggression principle by providing citizens with the military, the police, and courts, thereby protecting them from aggression, theft, breach of …

Wirtschaftsliberalismus oder wirtschaftlicher Liberalismus ist die ökonomische Ausprägung des Liberalismus.Der wirtschaftliche Liberalismus, dessen theoretische Grundlagen durch Adam Smith entwickelt wurden, geht von der freien wirtschaftlichen Betätigungsmöglichkeit jedes Einzelnen aus. Die unsichtbare Hand des Marktes sorgt laut Smith dafür, dass bei der …

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In their early history, the Liberals were the party of continentalism (free trade with the United States), and opposition to imperialism.The Liberals also became identified with the aspirations of Quebecers as a result of the growing hostility of French-Canadians to the Conservatives.The Conservatives lost the support of Quebecers because of the perceived role of Conservative …

Nazi Germany (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship.Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were …