The Holy Roman Empire, also known after 1512 as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, was a political entity in Western, Central and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.. From the accession of Otto I in 962 until the twelfth century, the Empire was the most powerful …

The defining characteristic of the Holy Roman Empire was the idea that the Holy Roman Emperor represented the leading monarch in Europe and that their empire was the one true continuation of the Roman Empire of Antiquity, through proclamation by the popes in Rome.It was the firm belief of its emperors that they were the sole genuine emperors in Europe and …

This Roman Republic would, by a modern understanding of the word, still be defined as a true republic, even if not coinciding entirely. Thus, Enlightenment philosophers saw the Roman Republic as an ideal system because it included features like a systematic separation of powers. ... The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans, NY: The Free Press, 1983; 2nd …

Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC) was one of the last politico-military conflicts of the Roman Republic before its reorganization into the Roman Empire.It began as a series of political and military confrontations between Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.. Before the war, Caesar had led an invasion of Gaul for almost ten years. A build-up of tensions starting in …

Online Library of Liberty The OLL is a curated collection of scholarly works that engage with vital questions of liberty. Spanning the centuries from Hammurabi to Hume, and collecting material on topics from art and economics to law and political theory, the OLL provides you with a rich variety of texts to explore and consider.

Egypt (Arabic: مصر Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan …

Raymond Roman Thierry Polański (né Liebling; 18 August 1933) is a French-Polish film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. He is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, two British Academy Film Awards, nine César Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, as well as the Golden Bear and a Palme d'Or.. His Polish–Jewish parents moved the …

Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (German: Otto der Große, Italian: Ottone il Grande), was East Frankish king from 936 and Holy Roman emperor from 962 until his death in 973. He was the oldest son of Henry the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim.. Otto inherited the Duchy of Saxony and the kingship of the Germans upon his …

Cicero (106—43 B.C.E.) Marcus Tullius Cicero was born on January 3, 106 B.C.E. and was murdered on December 7, 43 B.C.E. His life coincided with the decline and fall of the Roman Republic, and he was an important actor in many of the significant political events of his time, and his writings are now a valuable source of information to us about those events.

17/11/2022 · Total on-demand streams week over week Number of audio and video on-demand streams for the week ending November 17.