WebMaria Carolina Louise Josepha Johanna Antonia (13 August 1752 – 8 September 1814) was Queen of Naples and Sicily as the wife of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.As de facto ruler of her husband's kingdoms, Maria Carolina oversaw the promulgation of many reforms, including the revocation of the ban on Freemasonry, the enlargement of the navy under …

WebThe Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt (Dutch: Nederlandse Opstand) (c.1566/1568–1648) was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government.The causes of the war included the Reformation, centralisation, taxation, and the rights and privileges of the nobility and cities.After the initial stages, …

WebIsabella was born in the Royal Palace of Madrid in 1830, the eldest daughter of King Ferdinand VII of Spain, and of his fourth wife and niece, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies.She was entrusted to the royal governess María del Carmen Machín y Ortiz de Zárate.Queen Maria Christina became regent on 29 September 1833, when her three …

WebSpain was thereafter governed as a dynastic union by the House of Trastámara, the House of Habsburg, and the House of Bourbon until the Nueva Planta decrees merged Castile and Aragon into one kingdom. During the First Spanish Republic (1873–74), Spain had heads of state known as the President of the Executive Power.

WebThe Distinguished Order of the Golden Fleece (Spanish: Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro, German: Orden vom Goldenen Vlies) is a Catholic order of chivalry founded in Bruges by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1430, to celebrate his marriage to Isabella of Portugal.Today, two branches of the order exist, namely the Spanish and the Austrian …

WebFerdinand I (Spanish: Fernando I; 10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1526, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564. Before his accession as Emperor, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs in the name of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy …

WebFrancis was the last non-Habsburg monarch of both the Empire and Austria, which were effectively governed by Maria Theresa. The couple were the founders of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, and ... on 4 May 1736. On 5 January 1737, instruments of cession were signed at Pontremoli between Spain and the Empire, with Spain ceding Parma, …

WebMonarchy was the prevalent form of government in the history of Europe throughout the Middle Ages, only occasionally competing with communalism, notably in the case of the Maritime republics and the Swiss Confederacy.. Republicanism became more prevalent in the Early Modern period, but monarchy remained predominant in Europe during the 19th …

WebTây Ban Nha (tiếng Tây Ban Nha: España [esˈpaɲa] ()), tên gọi chính thức là Vương quốc Tây Ban Nha (tiếng Tây Ban Nha: Reino de España), là một quốc gia có chủ quyền với lãnh thổ chủ yếu nằm trên bán đảo Iberia tại phía Tây Nam châu Âu.Phần đại lục của Tây Ban Nha giáp với Địa Trung Hải về phía Đông và phía Nam, giáp với vịnh Biscay cùng Pháp …

WebLife. Margaret was the daughter of Archduke Charles II of Austria and Maria Anna of Bavaria and thus the paternal granddaughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I.Her elder brother was the Archduke Ferdinand, who succeeded as Emperor in 1619.Two of her sisters, Anna and Constance, through their subsequent marriages to King Sigismund III …