Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Modern Written Arabic (MWA), terms used mostly by linguists, is the variety of standardized, literary Arabic that developed in the Arab world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; occasionally, it also refers to spoken Arabic that approximates this written standard. MSA is the language used in literature, academia, print and mass media, law and …

History. Modern history. Early Modern period; Late Modern period. 18th century; 19th century; 20th century; Contemporary history; Moderns, a faction of Freemasonry that existed in the 18th century; Philosophy and sociology. Modernity, a loosely defined concept delineating a number of societal, economic and ideological features that contrast with "pre-modern" times or societies

Classical Arabic (Arabic: ٱلْعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ, romanized: al-ʿarabīyah al-fuṣḥā) or Quranic Arabic is the standardized literary form of the Arabic language used from the 7th century and throughout the Middle Ages, most notably in Umayyad and Abbasid literary texts such as poetry, elevated prose and oratory, and is also the liturgical language of Islam.

Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish (autonym djudeoespanyol, Hebrew script: גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול ‎, Cyrillic: жудеоеспањол), also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish.Originally spoken in Spain, and then after the Edict of Expulsion spreading through the Ottoman Empire (the Balkans, Turkey, Western Asia, and North Africa) as well as ...

The comma, is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in different languages. It has the same shape as an apostrophe or single closing quotation mark (’) in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline of the text. Some typefaces render it as a small line, slightly curved or straight but inclined from the vertical.

Regular script (traditional Chinese: 楷書; simplified Chinese: 楷书; pinyin: kǎishū; Hepburn: kaisho), also called 正楷 (pinyin: zhèngkǎi), 真書 (zhēnshū), 楷體 (kǎitǐ) and 正書 (zhèngshū), is the newest of the Chinese script styles (popularized from the Cao Wei dynasty c. 200 AD and maturing stylistically around the 7th century). It is the most common style in modern ...

Yodh (also spelled jodh, yod, or jod) is the tenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Yōd /????, Hebrew Yōd י, Aramaic Yod , Syriac Yōḏ ܝ, and Arabic Yāʾ ي.Its sound value is /j/ in all languages for which it is used; in many languages, it also serves as a long vowel, representing /iː/. [citation needed]The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Iota (Ι), Latin I ...

David Kahn notes in The Codebreakers that modern cryptology originated among the Arabs, the first people to systematically document cryptanalytic methods. Al-Khalil (717–786) wrote the Book of Cryptographic Messages, which contains the first use of permutations and combinations to list all possible Arabic words with and without vowels.. The invention of the frequency …

A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized health science and auxiliary healthcare staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the general hospital, which typically has an emergency department to treat urgent health problems ranging from fire and accident victims to a sudden illness. A district hospital typically is the …

Modern calculus was developed in 17th-century Europe by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (independently of each other, first publishing around the same time) but elements of it appeared in ancient Greece, then in China and the Middle East, and still later again in medieval Europe and in India.. Ancient precursors Egypt. Calculations of volume and area, one goal of …

The Hindu–Arabic numeral system or Indo-Arabic numeral system (also called the Arabic numeral system or Hindu numeral system) is a positional decimal numeral system, and is the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world.. It was invented between the 1st and 4th centuries by Indian mathematicians.The system was adopted in …

Mangalore (/ m æ ŋ ɡ ə ˈ l ɔː r /), officially known as Mangaluru, is a major port city of the Indian state of Karnataka.It is located between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats about 352 km (219 mi) west of Bangalore, the state capital, 20 km north of Karnataka–Kerala border, 297 km south of Goa.Mangalore is the state's only city to have all four modes of transport—air, road ...

Rachel's Tomb (Biblical Hebrew: קְבֻרַת רָחֵל Qǝbūrat Rāḥēl; Modern Hebrew: קבר רחל Qever Raḥel; Arabic: قبر راحيل Qabr Rāḥīl) is a site revered as the burial place of the Biblical matriarch Rachel.The site is also referred to as the Bilal bin Rabah mosque (Arabic: مسجد بلال بن رباح). The tomb is held in esteem by Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

The name West Bank is a translation of the Arabic term aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah, which designates the territory situated on the western side of the Jordan River that was occupied in 1948 and subsequently annexed in 1950 by the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.This annexation was widely considered to be illegal, and was recognized only by Iraq, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom.