Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese recorded in the Qieyun, a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expanded editions. The Swedish linguist Bernard Karlgren believed that the dictionary recorded a speech standard of the capital Chang'an of the Sui and …

A retroflex, apico-domal, or cacuminal (/ k æ ˈ k juː m ɪ n əl /) consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate.They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants—especially in Indology.. The Latin-derived word retroflex means "bent back"; …

Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark: In some forms of Arabic romanization, ġ stands for ghayin (غ); ḳ stands for qāf (ق).; The Latin orthography for Chechen includes ċ, ç̇, ġ, q̇, and ẋ.; In Emilian-Romagnol, ṅ ṡ ż are used to represent [ŋ, z, ð].; Traditional Irish typography, where the dot denotes lenition, and is called a …

The Burmese alphabet (Burmese: မြန်မာအက္ခရာ mranma akkha.ra, pronounced [mjəmà ʔɛʔkʰəjà]) is an abugida used for writing Burmese.It is ultimately adapted from a Brahmic script, either the Kadamba or Pallava alphabet of South India.The Burmese alphabet is also used for the liturgical languages of Pali and Sanskrit.In recent decades, other, related alphabets, such …

The grammar of Ukrainian (Ukrainian: Граматика української мови) describes its phonological, morphological, and syntactic rules.Ukrainian has seven cases and two numbers for its nominal declension and two aspects, three tenses, three moods, and two voices for its verbal conjugation.

The Sui dynasty (, Chinese: 隋朝; pinyin: Suí cháo) was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China that lasted from 581 to 618. The Sui unified the Northern and Southern dynasties, thus ending the long period of division following the fall of the Western Jin dynasty, and laying the foundations for the much longer lasting Tang dynasty.. Founded by Emperor Wen of Sui, the Sui dynasty …