Aristotelianism (/ ˌ ær ɪ s t ə ˈ t iː l i ə n ɪ z əm / ARR-i-stə-TEE-lee-ə-niz-əm) is a philosophical tradition inspired by the work of Aristotle, usually characterized by deductive logic and an analytic inductive method in the study of natural philosophy and metaphysics. It covers the treatment of the social sciences under a system of natural law.It answers why-questions by a ...

Anaxagoras (/ ˌ æ n æ k ˈ s æ ɡ ə r ə s /; Greek: Ἀναξαγόρας, Anaxagóras, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 – c. 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher.Born in Clazomenae at a time when Asia Minor was under the control of the Persian Empire, Anaxagoras came to Athens.According to Diogenes Laërtius and Plutarch, in later life he was charged with impiety …

The word science has been used in Middle English since the 14th century in the sense of "the state of knowing". The word was borrowed from the Anglo-Norman language as the suffix -cience, which was borrowed from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge, awareness, understanding".It is a noun derivative of the Latin sciens meaning "knowing", and undisputedly …

Free will in antiquity is a philosophical and theological concept. Free will in antiquity was not discussed in the same terms as used in the modern free will debates, but historians of the problem have speculated who exactly was first to take positions as determinist, libertarian, and compatibilist in antiquity. There is wide agreement that these views were essentially fully …

Arche in Ancient Greek philosophy. The heritage of Greek mythology already embodied the desire to articulate reality as a whole and this universalizing impulse was fundamental for the first projects of speculative theorizing. It appears that the order of "being" was first imaginatively visualized before it was abstractly thought.

Fusis, Phusis or Physis (/ ˈ f aɪ ˈ s ɪ s /; Ancient Greek: φύσις) is a Greek philosophical, theological, and scientific term, usually translated into English—according to its Latin translation "natura"—as "nature".The term originated in ancient Greek philosophy, and was later used in Christian theology and Western philosophy.In pre-Socratic usage, physis was contrasted …

Theoretical physics began at least 2,300 years ago, under the Pre-socratic philosophy, and continued by Plato and Aristotle, whose views held sway for a millennium.During the rise of medieval universities, the only acknowledged intellectual disciplines were the seven liberal arts of the Trivium like grammar, logic, and rhetoric and of the Quadrivium like arithmetic, geometry, …

Human nature is a central question in Chinese philosophy. From the Song dynasty, the theory of potential or innate goodness of human beings became dominant in Confucianism.. Mencius. Mencius argues that human nature is good, understanding human nature as the innate tendency to an ideal state that's expected to be formed under the right conditions. Therefore, …

Heraclitus of Ephesus (/ ˌ h ɛr ə ˈ k l aɪ t ə s /; Greek: Ἡράκλειτος Herákleitos, "Glory of Hera"; fl. c. 500 BCE) was an ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher from the city of Ephesus, which was then part of the Persian Empire.. Little is known of Heraclitus's life. He wrote a single work, only fragments of which have survived. Most of the ancient stories about him are ...

A. Absurdism; Academic skepticism; Achintya Bheda Abheda; Advaita Vedanta; Agnosticism; Ajātivāda; Ājīvika; Ajñana; Alexandrian school; Analytic philosophy ...

The history of zoology before Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of evolution traces the organized study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of zoology as a single coherent field arose much later, systematic study of zoology is seen in the works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world.This work was developed in the Middle Ages by …

Socrates (/ ˈ s ɒ k r ə t iː z /; Greek: Σωκράτης; c. 470 –399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought. An enigmatic figure, Socrates authored no texts and is known mainly through the posthumous accounts of classical writers, particularly his …

Zeno of Elea (/ ˈ z iː n oʊ ... ˈ ɛ l i ə /; Ancient Greek: Ζήνων ὁ Ἐλεᾱ́της; c. 495 – c. 430 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of Magna Graecia and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Aristotle called him the inventor of the dialectic. He is best known for his paradoxes, which Bertrand Russell described as "immeasurably subtle and profound".

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (/ ˌ m æ k i ə ˈ v ɛ l i / MAK-ee-ə-VEL-ee, US also / ˌ m ɑː k-/ MAHK-, Italian: [nikkoˈlɔ mmakjaˈvɛlli]; 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527), occasionally rendered in English as Nicholas Machiavel (/ ˈ m æ k i ə v ɛ l / MAK-ee-ə-vel, US also / ˈ m ɑː k-/ MAHK-; see below), was an Italian diplomat, author, philosopher and historian who lived ...