English has its roots in the languages of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe. During the Roman Empire, most of the Germanic-inhabited area (Germania) remained independent from Rome, although some … See more

Middle English is the form of English spoken roughly from the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066 until the end of the 15th century.
For centuries after the Conquest, the Norman kings and high-ranking nobles in England and to … See more

English underwent extensive sound changes during the 15th century, while its spelling conventions remained largely constant. See more

Introduction
Over the last 1,200 years or so, English has undergone extensive changes in its vowel system, but many fewer changes to its consonants.
In the Old English period, a number of umlaut processes … See more

The Germanic settlers in the British Isles initially spoke a number of different dialects, which would develop into a language that came to be called Anglo-Saxon. It displaced the indigenous Brittonic Celtic (and the Latin of the former Roman rulers) … See more

The first authoritative and full-featured English dictionary, the Dictionary of the English Language, was published by Samuel Johnson in … See more

The English language once had an extensive declension system similar to Latin, Greek, modern German and Icelandic. Old English distinguished … See more