The High German consonant shift altered a number of consonants in the southern German dialects – which includes Standard German, Yiddish, and Luxembourgish– and so explains why many German words have different consonants from

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Phase 1
The first phase, which affected the whole of the High German area, affected the voiceless plosives /p/, /t/ and /k/ in intervocalic and word-final position. These became geminated(long) fricatives, except in word-final position

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Other consonant changes on the way from West Germanic to Old High German are included under the heading "High German consonant shift" by some

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Since the High German consonant shift took place before the beginning of writing of Old High German in the 8th century, the dating of the various phases is an uncertain business. The

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Some of the consonant shifts resulting from the second and third phases appear also to be observable in Lombardic, the early mediaeval Germanic language of Italy, which is preserved in

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The High German consonant shift – at least as far as the core group of changes is concerned – is an example of an exceptionless sound changeand was frequently cited as such

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Roughly, the changes resulting from phase 1 affected Upper and Central German, as did the dental element of phase 2 (t- > z-). The other elements of phase 2 and all of phase 3 impacted only Upper German, while those changes from phase 4 affected the entire

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