When Brezhnev died in 1982, most elite groups understood that the Soviet economy was in trouble. Due to senility, Brezhnev had not been in effective control of the country during his last few years, and Kosygin had died in 1980. The Politburo was dominated by old men, and they were overwhelmingly Russian. Non-Russian representation at the top of the party and the …

Dec 10, 2022 · Russia, country that stretches over a vast expanse of eastern Europe and northern Asia. Once the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.; commonly known as the Soviet Union), Russia became an independent country after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. Russia is a land of superlatives. By far the …

Glasnost (/ ˈ ɡ l æ z n ɒ s t /; Russian: гласность, IPA: [ˈɡlasnəsʲtʲ] ()) has several general and specific meanings – a policy of maximum openness in the activities of state institutions and freedom of information, the inadmissibility of hushing up problems, and so on.It has been used in Russian to mean "openness and transparency" since at least the end of the 18th century.

Sep 29, 2017 · Despite Reagan's bellicose rhetoric, tensions between the two superpowers thawed in the late 1980s. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev adopted friendly relations with the west and instituted liberal domestic reforms through glasnost and perestroika.Reagan, Gorbachev, and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher met repeatedly to find common ground as the …

Issue Summary from the Editor. Dr Karl Nath discusses the Editor's Choice and Highlighted articles in the November 2022 issue. Download MP3. Audiovisual Summary Archive; Transcript; In the Limelight: November 2022. Karl A. Nath; Mayo Clinic Proceedings Vol. 97 Issue 11 …

Gorbachev intended perestroika to increase productivity and raise living standards without going far in the direction of a market economy. But glasnost created political opportunities for those who were unhappy with communism, as the downfall of the eastern European regimes indicated; ultimately it prompted a reaction—an attempted coup by a ...

The "Era of Stagnation" (Russian: Пери́од засто́я, romanized: Períod zastóya, or Эпо́ха засто́я Épokha zastóya) is a term coined by Mikhail Gorbachev in order to describe the negative way in which he viewed the economic, political, and social policies of the Soviet Union that began during the rule of Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982) and continued under Yuri Andropov ...

Nov 08, 2022 · Mikhail Gorbachev, in full Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, (born March 2, 1931, Privolnoye, Stavropol kray, Russia, U.S.S.R.—died August 30, 2022, Moscow, Russia), Soviet official, general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from 1985 to 1991 and president of the Soviet Union in 1990–91. His efforts to democratize his country’s political …

Summary. While Khrushchev was not hesitant to point out the flaws in Stalinist practice in regard to the purges of the army and party and the management of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union's involvement in World War II, he was very careful to avoid any criticism of Stalin's industrialization policy or party ideology. Khrushchev was a ...

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet politician who served as the 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 and additionally as head of state beginning in 1988, as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme …