World-systems theory (also known as world-systems analysis or the world-systems perspective) is a multidisciplinary approach to world history and social change which emphasizes the world-system (and not nation states) as the primary (but not exclusive) unit of social analysis. "World-system" refers to the inter-regional and transnational division of labor, which divides the …

Theory. The living systems theory is a general theory about the existence of all living systems, their structure, interaction, behavior and development.This work is created by James Grier Miller, which was intended to formalize the concept of life.According to Miller's original conception as spelled out in his magnum opus Living Systems, a "living system" must contain …

Systems design interfaces, and data for an electronic control system to satisfy specified requirements. System design could be seen as the application of system theory to product development . There is some overlap with the disciplines of system analysis , system architecture and system engineering .

A complex system is a system composed of many components which may interact with each other. Examples of complex systems are Earth's global climate, organisms, the human brain, infrastructure such as power grid, transportation or communication systems, complex software and electronic systems, social and economic organizations (like cities), an ecosystem, a living …

A glossary of terms relating to systems theory.. A. Adaptive capacity: An important part of the resilience of systems in the face of a perturbation, helping to minimise loss of function in individual human, and collective social and biological systems.; Allopoiesis: The process whereby a system produces something other than the system itself.; Allostasis: The process of …

In mathematics and computer science, connectivity is one of the basic concepts of graph theory: it asks for the minimum number of elements (nodes or edges) that need to be removed to separate the remaining nodes into two or more isolated subgraphs. It is closely related to the theory of network flow problems. The connectivity of a graph is an important measure of its …

Observability is a measure of how well internal states of a system can be inferred from knowledge of its external outputs.. In control theory, the observability and controllability of a linear system are mathematical duals.. The concept of observability was introduced by the Hungarian-American engineer Rudolf E. Kálmán for linear dynamic systems. A dynamical …

Definitions. Definitions specific to sub-fields are common: In electronics and telecommunications, signal refers to any time-varying voltage, current, or electromagnetic wave that carries information.; In signal processing, signals are analog and digital representations of analog physical quantities.; In information theory, a signal is a codified message, that is, the …

Mathematics. Graph (discrete mathematics), a structure made of vertices and edges Graph theory, the study of such graphs and their properties; Graph (topology), a topological space resembling a graph in the sense of discrete mathematics Graph of a function; Graph of a relation; Graph paper; Chart, a means of representing data (also called a graph); Computing ...

This list of types of systems theory gives an overview of different types of systems theory, which are mentioned in scientific book titles or articles. The following more than 40 types of systems theory are all explicitly named systems theory and represent a unique conceptual framework in a specific field of science.. Systems theory has been formalized since the 1950s, …