Classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). Usually, the conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus (e.g., the sound of a tuning fork), the unconditioned … See more

Acquisition
During acquisition, the CS and US are paired as described above. The extent of conditioning may be … See more

Neural basis of learning and memory
Pavlov proposed that conditioning involved a connection between brain centers for conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. His physiological account of conditioning has been abandoned, but classical conditioning … See more

• Babsky E, Khodorov B, Kositsky G, Zubkov A (1989). "Chapter 17, the section 'Conditioned-Reflex Activity of the Cerebral Cortex'". In Babsky E (ed.). Human Physiology, … See more

Pavlov's research
The best-known and most thorough early work on classical conditioning was done by Ivan Pavlov, although Edwin Twitmyer published some related findings a year earlier. During his research on the physiology of … See more

Data sources
Experiments on theoretical issues in conditioning have mostly been done on vertebrates, especially rats and pigeons. However, … See more

• Carrot and stick
• Conversion therapy
• Learned helplessness
• Little Albert experiment
• Nocebo See more