While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. From the rise of Augustus, the first Roman emperor, in 27 BC to the sack of Rome in AD 455, there were over a hundred …

Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century. Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!

Note on titles. The Kingdom of Germany started out as the eastern section of the Frankish kingdom, which was split by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. The rulers of the eastern area thus called themselves rex Francorum ("king of the Franks"), rex Francorum orientalium ("king of the East Franks"), and later just rex.A reference to the "Germans", indicating the emergence of a …

The Roman deities most widely known today are those the Romans identified with Greek counterparts (see interpretatio graeca), integrating Greek myths, iconography, and sometimes religious practices into Roman culture, including Latin literature, Roman art, and religious life as it was experienced throughout the Empire.Many of the Romans' own gods remain obscure, …

Nerva, friend of Nero, who had saved Nero's life.; Trajan.Under Trajan, the Roman Empire was at its largest size ever. Hadrian - Hadrian built Hadrian's Wall in Britain, to prevent the Picts from invading Roman Britain.Hadrian died in 138 AD. From 138 …

This is a list of Roman and Byzantine empresses.A Roman empress was a woman who was the wife of a Roman emperor, the ruler of the Roman Empire.. The Romans had no single term for the position: Latin and Greek titles such as augusta (Greek αὐγούστα, augoústa, the female form of the honorific augustus, a title derived from the name of the first emperor, Augustus), …

This is a list of the Byzantine emperors from the foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD, which marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, to its fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised sovereign authority are included, to the exclusion of junior co-emperors (symbasileis) who never attained …

Roman-Sabine wars; War with the Volsci; War with Gabii; War with the Rutuli; Roman-Etruscan wars. 509 BC – Battle of Silva Arsia – The Romans defeated the forces of Tarquinii and Veii led by the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus.One of the Roman consuls, Lucius Junius Brutus, is killed in battle. 508 BC – War with Clusium – King Lars Porsena of Clusium besieges …

Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence or of their constitution), sorted by continent.. This list includes the 195 states which are currently full member states or observer states of the United Nations.This does not include extinct states, but does include several states with limited recognition.

This list includes all 47 German monarchs crowned from Charlemagne until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806). Several rulers were crowned king of the Romans (king of Germany) but not emperor, although they styled themselves thus, among whom were: Conrad I and Henry the Fowler in the 10th century, and Conrad IV, Rudolf I, Adolf and Albert I during the …