Some commentators define modernism as a mode of thinking—one or more philosophically defined characteristics, like self-consciousness or self-reference, that run across all the novelties in the arts and the disciplines. More

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Origins
According to one critic, modernism developed out of Romanticism's revolt against the effects of the Industrial Revolution

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Early 20th century to 1930
An important aspect of modernism is how it relates to tradition through its adoption of techniques like reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation,

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Introduction
While The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature states that modernism ended by c. 1939 with regard to British and American literature, "When (if) Modernism petered out and postmodernism began has been contested

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Peter Kalliney suggests that "Modernist concepts, especially aesthetic autonomy, were fundamental to the literature of decolonization in anglophone Africa." In his opinion,

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By the early 1980s the Postmodern movement in art and architecture began to establish its position through various conceptual

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Modernism's stress on freedom of expression, experimentation, radicalism, and primitivism disregards conventional expectations. In many art

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