This is a list of people who have held the title of Caliph, the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the Caliphate, and the title for the ruler of the Islamic Ummah, as the political successors to Muhammad.All years are according to the Common Era.Some Muslims believe that, after the death of Muhammad in 632, a succession crisis arose as Muhammad …

Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος, romanized: Mikhaēl Doukas Angelos Komnēnos Palaiologos; 1224 – 11 December 1282) reigned as the co-emperor of the Empire of Nicaea from 1259 to 1261, and as Byzantine emperor from 1261 until his death. Michael VIII was the founder of the Palaiologan dynasty ...

Ein Interdikt (lat.: „Untersagung“) ist das Verbot von gottesdienstlichen Handlungen, das als Kirchenstrafe für ein Vergehen gegen das Kirchenrecht verhängt wird.. Das Interdikt war in der Form des Lokalinterdikts, das ganze Ortschaften oder Gebiete betraf, hauptsächlich im Mittelalter eine scharfe Waffe der katholischen Kirche gegen die Nichtbeachtung kirchlicher Regeln und …

Apprenticeship is a system for training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study (classroom work and reading). Apprenticeships can also enable practitioners to gain a license to practice in a regulated occupation. Most of their training is done while working for an employer who helps the …

Urbano IV, de nombre secular Jacques Pantaleón de Court-Palais (Troyes, c. 1195-Perugia, 2 de diciembre de 1264) fue el papa n.º 182 de la Iglesia católica entre 1261 y 1264.

Appellation des empereurs. La question de l'appellation moderne des empereurs d'Orient a été compliquée à partir du XIX e siècle par la généralisation de l'appellation « byzantin » pour l'Empire romain d'Orient, appellation apparue au XVI e siècle chez l'historien allemand Hieronymus Wolf [1].En fait, il n'existe pas de fondateur ni de début de l'Empire byzantin, et …

The Roman army (Latin: exercitus Romanus) was the armed forces deployed by the Romans throughout the duration of Ancient Rome, from the Roman Kingdom (c. 500 BC) to the Roman Republic (500–31 BC) and the Roman Empire (31 BC–395 AD), and its medieval continuation, the Eastern Roman Empire.It is thus a term that may span approximately 2,205 years (753 …

The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire.The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantine Empire as the Western-recognized Roman Empire in the east, with a Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the …

Sinkretisme adalah suatu proses perpaduan yang sangat beragam dari beberapa pemahaman kepercayaan atau aliran-aliran agama. Pada sinkretisme terjadi proses pencampuradukkan berbagai unsur aliran atau paham, sehingga hasil yang didapat dalam bentuk abstrak yang berbeda untuk mencari keserasian, keseimbangan. Istilah ini bisa mengacu kepada upaya …

Largest percentage changes. While the S&P 500 was first introduced in 1923, it wasn't until 1957 when the stock market index was formally recognized, thus some of the following records may not be known by sources.