Universal basic income (UBI) is a sociopolitical financial transfer policy proposal in which all citizens of a given population regularly receive a legally stipulated and equally set financial grant paid by the government without a means test. A basic income can be implemented nationally, regionally, or locally. If the level is sufficient to meet a person's basic needs (i.e., at or above …

Income taxes in the United States are imposed by the federal government, and most states.The income taxes are determined by applying a tax rate, which may increase as income increases, to taxable income, which is the total income less allowable deductions.Income is broadly defined. Individuals and corporations are directly taxable, and estates and trusts may be taxable on …

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a means-tested program that provides cash payments to disabled children, disabled adults, and individuals aged 65 or older who are citizens or nationals of the United States. SSI was created by the Social Security Amendments of 1972 and is incorporated in Title 16 of the Social Security Act.The program is administered by the Social …

In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean (also called the expected value) of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range.. Standard deviation may be abbreviated SD, and is most …

The permanent income hypothesis (PIH) is a model in the field of economics to explain the formation of consumption patterns.It suggests consumption patterns are formed from future expectations and consumption smoothing. The theory was developed by Milton Friedman and published in his A Theory of Consumption Function, published in 1957 and subsequently …

In finance, an option is a contract which conveys to its owner, the holder, the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific quantity of an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on or before a specified date, depending on the style of the option. Options are typically acquired by purchase, as a form of compensation, or as part of a complex financial …

Mincome, the "Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment", was a Canadian guaranteed annual income (GAI) social experiment conducted in Manitoba in the 1970s. The project was funded jointly by the Manitoba provincial government and the Canadian federal government under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.It was launched with a news release on February 22, 1974, under the …

The Old Age Security (OAS) (SV; French: Sécurité de la vieillesse) program is a universal retirement pension available to most residents and citizens of Canada who have reached 65 years old.This pension is supplemented by the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) for seniors with lower incomes, which is added to their monthly OAS payment.

The basic approach or basic indicator approach is a set of operational risk measurement techniques proposed under Basel II capital ... for operational risk equal to the average over the previous three years of a fixed percentage of positive annual gross income. Figures for any year in which annual gross income is negative or zero should be ...

Money creation, or money issuance, is the process by which the money supply of a country, or of an economic or monetary region, is increased. In most modern economies, money creation is controlled by the central banks.Money issued by central banks is termed base money.Central banks can increase the quantity of base money directly, by engaging in open market operations.