Blood doping is defined as the use of illicit products (e.g. erythropoietin (EPO), darbepoetin-alfa, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers) and methods (e.g. increase aerobic capacity by maximizing the uptake of O2) in … See more

Drug treatments
Many forms of blood doping stem from the misuse of pharmaceuticals. These drug treatments have … See more

As early as 1947, military research scientists were studying ways to increase fighter pilots' tolerance for hypoxia at high altitude. In one such study, red blood cells were transfused into ten males at the US Naval Research facility, resulting in increased oxygen … See more

The simple act of increasing the number of red blood cells in blood may be associated with hyperviscosity syndrome which is characterized by … See more

Detection for homologous blood doping
In 2004, a test for detection allogeneic/homologous blood transfusion doping was implemented. Flow cytometry is the method of choice. By examining markers on the surface of blood cells, the method can … See more

Blood doping started in the late 1960s but was not outlawed until 1986. While it was still legal, it was commonly used by middle and long-distance runners. The first known case of blood … See more

• Use of performance-enhancing drugs in the Olympic Games
• Boosting (doping)
• Abortion doping
• Altitude training See more