The rock cycle is a basic concept in geology that describes transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous.Each rock type is altered when it is forced out of its equilibrium conditions. For example, an igneous rock such as basalt may break down and dissolve when exposed to the atmosphere, or melt as it is …

The carbon cycle is the way carbon is stored and replaced on Earth.Some of the main events take hundreds of millions of years, others happen annually. The main ways that carbon gets into the carbon cycle are volcanoes, and the burning of fossil fuels like coal and gas.Through most of history, volcanoes were the biggest source of carbon to the carbon cycle, but in the last …

Life cycle CO 2 equivalent (including albedo effect) from selected electricity supply technologies according to IPCC 2014. Arranged by decreasing median (gCO 2 eq/kWh) values.; Technology Min. Median Max. Currently commercially available technologies Coal – PC: 740: 820: 910 Gas – combined cycle: 410: 490: 650 Biomass – Dedicated: 130

The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems.The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and …

Global warming potential (GWP) is the heat absorbed by any greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, as a multiple of the heat that would be absorbed by the same mass of carbon dioxide (CO 2).GWP is 1 for CO 2.For other gases it depends on the gas and the time frame.. Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e or CO 2 eq or CO 2-e) is calculated from GWP.For any …

Carbon-14, C-14, 14 C or radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons.Its presence in organic materials is the basis of the radiocarbon dating method pioneered by Willard Libby and colleagues (1949) to date archaeological, geological and hydrogeological samples. Carbon-14 was discovered on …

The Calvin cycle, Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle, reductive pentose phosphate cycle (RPP cycle) or C3 cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms.The cycle was discovered in 1950 by Melvin Calvin, James Bassham, and Andrew Benson at the University of California, Berkeley by using the …

This is a list of U.S. states and territories by carbon dioxide emissions due to human activity. The data presented below are energy-related greenhouse emissions (CO 2 equivalent) only, published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (2017 data). These data do not include emissions from other activity such as agriculture, industrial processes, or waste management.

Carbon pricing in Canada is implemented either as a regulatory fee or tax levied on the carbon content of fuels at the Canadian provincial, territorial or federal level. Provinces and territories of Canada are allowed to create their own system of carbon pricing as long as they comply with the minimum requirements set by the federal government; individual provinces and territories thus …

The CNO cycle (for carbon–nitrogen–oxygen; sometimes called Bethe–Weizsäcker cycle after Hans Albrecht Bethe and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker) is one of the two known sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium, the other being the proton–proton chain reaction (p-p cycle), which is more efficient at the Sun's core temperature.