Bose first sent a paper to Einstein on the quantum statistics of light quanta (now called photons), in which he derived Planck's quantum radiation law without any reference to classical physics. Einstein was impressed, … See more

This transition to BEC occurs below a critical temperature, which for a uniform three-dimensional gas consisting of non-interacting particles with no apparent internal degrees of freedom is given by:
where:
is … See more

Bose Einstein's non-interacting gas
Consider a collection of N non-interacting particles, which can each be in one of two quantum states, and . If the two states are equal in energy, … See more

Superfluid helium-4
In 1938, Pyotr Kapitsa, John Allen and Don Misener discovered that helium-4 became a new kind of fluid, now known as a superfluid, at temperatures less than 2.17 K (the lambda point). Superfluid helium has many unusual … See more

Ideal Bose gas
For an ideal Bose gas we have the equation of state:
where is the per particle volume, the thermal wavelength, the fugacity and
It is noticeable that is a monotonically growing function of See more

The Gross-Pitaevskii equation is a partial differential equation in space and time variables. Usually it does not have analytic solution and different numerical methods, such as split-step Crank-Nicolson and Fourier spectral methods, are used for its solution. There are … See more

Quantized Vortices
As in many other systems, vortices can exist in BECs. Vortices can be created, for example, by "stirring" the condensate with lasers, rotating the confining trap, or by rapid cooling across the phase transition. The vortex created … See more