In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract.Examples are [p] and [b], pronounced with the lips; [t] and [d], pronounced with the front of the tongue; [k] and [g], pronounced with the back of the tongue; [h], pronounced in the throat; [f], [v], and [s], pronounced by forcing air through a narrow channel (); …

Consonant mutation. Ibanag verbs that end in "n" lose the last consonant, which is replaced by the first consonant of the succeeding word. However, when the succeeding word starts with a vowel or another "n", the last "n" is not affected. Examples: Apan mu yari libru. Correct = Apam mu yari libru - Go get the book. Nasingan ku y yama na.