The principal–agent problem refers to the conflict in interests and priorities that arises when one person or entity (the "agent") takes actions on behalf of another person or entity (the "principal"). The problem worsens when there is a greater discrepancy of interests and information between the principal and agent, as well as when the principal lacks the means to punish the agent.

The Money in the Bank ladder match is a multi-person ladder match held by the professional wrestling promotion WWE.First contested at WWE's annual WrestleMania event beginning in 2005, a separate Money in the Bank pay-per-view was established in 2010. The prize in the match is a briefcase containing a contract for a championship match of the winner's choice, …

An option contract, or simply option, is defined as "a promise which meets the requirements for the formation of a contract and limits the promisor's power to revoke an offer". Option contracts are common in professional sports.. An option contract is a type of contract that protects an offeree from an offeror's ability to revoke their offer to engage in a contract.

Self-perception theory (SPT) is an account of attitude formation developed by psychologist Daryl Bem. It asserts that people develop their attitudes (when there is no previous attitude due to a lack of experience, etc.—and the emotional response is ambiguous) by observing their own behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused it. The theory is counterintuitive in …

A Theory of Justice is a 1971 work of political philosophy and ethics by the philosopher John Rawls (1921-2002) in which the author attempts to provide a moral theory alternative to utilitarianism and that addresses the problem of distributive justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society). The theory uses an updated form of Kantian philosophy and a variant form …

The Social Contract, originally published as On the Social Contract; or, Principles of Political Right (French: Du contrat social; ou, Principes du droit politique), is a 1762 French-language book by the Genevan philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau.The book theorizes about the best way to establish a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society, which …

社会契約（しゃかいけいやく、英: social contract 、仏: contrat social ）は、政治学や法学で、ある国家とその市民の関係についての契約を指す用語。 解説 [ 編集 ]

The Racial Contract is a book by the Jamaican-American philosopher Charles W. Mills in which he shows that, although it is conventional to represent the social contract moral and political theories of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant as neutral with respect to race and ethnicity, in actuality, the philosophers understood them to regulate …

In finance, a contract for difference (CFD) is a legally binding agreement that creates, defines, and governs mutual rights and obligations between two parties, typically described as "buyer" and "seller", stipulating that the buyer will pay to the seller the difference between the current value of an asset and its value at contract time. If the closing trade price is higher than the opening ...

Calculation of probabilities. Let ′ (,,,) be the probability of an East player with unknown cards holding cards in a given suit and a West player with unknown cards holding cards in the given suit. The total number of arrangements of (+) cards in the suit in (+) spaces is = (+)! (+)!(+)! i.e. the number of permutations of (+) objects of which cards in the suit are indistinguishable and …