Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids.Crystallography is a fundamental subject in the fields of materials science and solid-state physics (condensed matter physics).The word "crystallography" is derived from the Greek words κρύσταλλος (krystallos) "clear ice, rock-crystal", with its meaning extending to all …

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin OM FRS HonFRSC (née Crowfoot; 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994) was a Nobel Prize-winning British chemist who advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of biomolecules, which became essential for structural biology.. Among her most influential discoveries are the confirmation of the structure of penicillin as previously …

In geometry and crystallography, a Bravais lattice, named after Auguste Bravais (), is an infinite array of discrete points generated by a set of discrete translation operations described in three dimensional space by = + +, where the n i are any integers, and a i are primitive translation vectors, or primitive vectors, which lie in different directions (not necessarily mutually …

In materials science, polymorphism describes the existence of a solid material in more than one form or crystal structure.Polymorphism is a form of isomerism.Any crystalline material can exhibit the phenomenon. Allotropy refers to polymorphism for chemical elements.Polymorphism is of practical relevance to pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, pigments, dyestuffs, foods, and …

Sir William Lawrence Bragg, Kt, CH, OBE, MC, FRS (31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971) was an Australian-born British physicist and X-ray crystallographer, discoverer (1912) of Bragg's law of X-ray diffraction, which is basic for the determination of crystal structure.He was joint recipient (with his father, William Henry Bragg) of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915, "For their services in the ...

X-ray crystallography is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the …

is the diffraction order (= is first order, = is second order,: 221 = is third order: 1028 ).The effect of the constructive or destructive interference intensifies because of the cumulative effect of reflection in successive crystallographic planes (h,k,l) of the crystalline lattice (as described by Miller notation).This leads to Bragg's law, which describes the condition on θ for the ...

The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA is an autobiographical account of the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA written by James D. Watson and published in 1968. It has earned both critical and public praise, along with continuing controversy about credit for the Nobel award and attitudes towards female scientists …

Pleochroism (from Greek πλέων, pléōn, "more" and χρῶμα, khrôma, "color") is an optical phenomenon in which a substance has different colors when observed at different angles, especially with polarized light.

In mathematics, physics and chemistry, a space group is the symmetry group of an object in space, usually in three dimensions. The elements of a space group (its symmetry operations) are the rigid transformations of an object that leave it unchanged. In three dimensions, space groups are classified into 219 distinct types, or 230 types if chiral copies are considered distinct.