At the end of World War I, the Second Polish Republic reclaimed its sovereignty following the disintegration of the occupying forces of three neighbouring empires. Imperial Russia was amid the Russian Civil Warafter

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The US President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Pointsincluded the statement "An independent Polish state should be erected which should

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Polish forces pushed eastward, taking Kiev in May 1920. Following a strong Soviet counteroffensive, Prime Minister Władysław Grabskisought

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The ethnic composition of these areas proved difficult to measure, both during the interwar period and after World War II. A 1944 article in The Timesestimated that in 1931 between 2.2 and

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According to Piotr Eberhardt, in 1939 the population of all territories between the Oder-Neisse Line and the Curzon Line—all territories which formed post-1945 Poland—totaled 32,337,800 inhabitants, of whom the largest groups were ethnic Poles (approximately

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• 1893 Afghanistan’s Durand Line
• 1914 India–China McMahon Line
• 1947 India–Pakistan Radcliffe Line

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The terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 provided for the partition of Poland along the line of the San, Vistula and Narewrivers which did not go along Curzon Line but reached

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