The name Diapsida means "two arches", and diapsids are traditionally classified based on their two ancestral skull openings (temporal fenestrae) posteriorly above and below the eye.This arrangement allows for the attachment of larger, stronger jaw muscles, and enables the jaw to open more widely.A more obscure ancestral characteristic is a relatively long lower arm bone …

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Żółwie (nazwa systematyczna nieustalona, zobacz Nomenklatura) – rząd owodniowców z gromady zauropsydów (Sauropsida) lub według linneuszowskiej klasyfikacji rząd z gromady gadów (Reptilia). Rząd żółwi dzieli się na 2 podrzędy, 14 rodzin i obejmuje 356 gatunków oraz 122 podgatunki żyjące w czasach nowożytnych, tj. od 1500 roku n.e. W tym czasie wyginęło 7 …

The Lepidosauria (/ ˌ l ɛ p ɪ d oʊ ˈ s ɔː r i ə /, from Greek meaning scaled lizards) is a subclass or superorder of reptiles, containing the orders Squamata and Rhynchocephalia.Squamata includes snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenians. Squamata contains over 9,000 species, making it by far the most species-rich and diverse order of reptiles in the present day.

Synapsids are characterized by having differentiated teeth. These include the canines, molars, and incisors. The trend towards differentiation is found in some labyrinthodonts and early anapsid reptilians in the form of enlargement of the first teeth on the maxilla, forming a form of protocanines.This trait was subsequently lost in the diapsid line, but developed further in the …

The earliest forms, like Placodus, which lived in the early to middle Triassic, resembled barrel-bodied lizards superficially similar to the marine iguana of today, but larger. In contrast to the marine iguana, which feeds on algae, the placodonts ate molluscs and so their teeth were flat and tough to crush shells. In the earliest periods, their size was probably enough to keep away the …

The Permian–Triassic (P–T, P–Tr) extinction event, also known as the End-Permian Extinction and colloquially as the Great Dying, formed the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, as well as between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, approximately 251.9 million years ago. It is the Earth's most severe known extinction event, with the extinction of …

Pareiasaurs (meaning "cheek lizards") are an extinct clade of large, herbivorous parareptiles.Members of the group were armoured with scutes which covered large areas of the body. They first appeared in southern Pangea during the Middle Permian, before becoming globally distributed during the Late Permian. Pareiasaurs were the largest reptiles of the …

The turtle shell is a shield for the ventral and dorsal parts of turtles (the order Testudines), completely enclosing all the vital organs of the turtle and in some cases even the head. It is constructed of modified bony elements such as the ribs, parts of the pelvis and other bones found in most reptiles. The bone of the shell consists of both skeletal and dermal bone, showing that …

Dinosauromorpha is a clade of avemetatarsalian archosaurs (reptiles closer to birds than to crocodilians) that includes the Dinosauria (dinosaurs) and some of their close relatives. It was originally defined to include dinosauriforms and lagerpetids, with later formulations specifically excluding pterosaurs from the group. Birds are the only dinosauromorphs which survive to the …