The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias whereby people with low ability, expertise, or experience regarding a certain type of task or area of knowledge tend to overestimate their ability or knowledge.Some researchers also include in their definition the opposite effect for high performers: their tendency to underestimate their skills. The Dunning–Kruger effect is usually …

CSS Baltic was a casemate ironclad that served in the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War.A towboat and cotton lighter before the war, she was purchased by the state of Alabama in December 1861 for conversion into an ironclad. After being transferred to the Confederate Navy in May 1862, she served on Mobile Bay off the Gulf of Mexico. ...

The Coandă effect (/ ˈ k w ɑː n d ə / or / ˈ k w æ-/) is the tendency of a fluid jet to stay attached to a convex surface. Merriam-Webster describes it as "the tendency of a jet of fluid emerging from an orifice to follow an adjacent flat or curved surface and to entrain fluid from the surroundings so that a region of lower pressure develops.". It is named after Romanian inventor Henri ...

In European Union law, direct effect is the principle that Union law may, if appropriately framed, confer rights on individuals which the courts of member states of the European Union are bound to recognise and enforce.. Direct effect is not explicitly stated in any of the EU Treaties.The principle of direct effect was first established by the Court of Justice of the European Union …

Paradigm for the Higgs mechanism. The Meissner superconductivity effect serves as an important paradigm for the generation mechanism of a mass M (i.e. a reciprocal range, := / where h is the Planck constant and c is the speed of light) for a gauge field.In fact, this analogy is an abelian example for the Higgs mechanism, which generates the masses of the electroweak

In semiconductor physics, the band gap of a semiconductor can be of two basic types, a direct band gap or an indirect band gap.The minimal-energy state in the conduction band and the maximal-energy state in the valence band are each characterized by a certain crystal momentum (k-vector) in the Brillouin zone.If the k-vectors are different, the material has an "indirect gap".

The photovoltaic effect is the generation of voltage and electric current in a material upon exposure to light.It is a physical and chemical phenomenon.. The photovoltaic effect is closely related to the photoelectric effect.For both phenomena, light is absorbed, causing excitation of an electron or other charge carrier to a higher-energy state. The main distinction is that the term ...

The effect of this type of tax can be illustrated on a standard supply and demand diagram. Without a tax, the equilibrium price will be at Pe and the equilibrium quantity will be at Qe. After a tax is imposed, the price consumers pay will shift to Pc and the price producers receive will shift to Pp. The consumers' price will be equal to the ...

Fractional-reserve banking is the system of banking operating in almost all countries worldwide, under which banks that take deposits from the public are required to hold a proportion of their deposit liabilities in liquid assets as a reserve, and are at liberty to lend the remainder to borrowers. Bank reserves are held as cash in the bank or as balances in the bank's account at …

In audio signal processing and acoustics, an echo is a reflection of sound that arrives at the listener with a delay after the direct sound. The delay is directly proportional to the distance of the reflecting surface from the source and the listener. Typical examples are the echo produced by the bottom of a well, by a building, or by the walls of an enclosed room and an empty room.