Reliable drought refuges are characterised by the ability to retain sufficient water throughout the drought, having water qualitygood enough to maintain the life of the ecosystem that are not subject to physical disturbance and

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The term refugium (plural: refugia) was originally used by evolutionary biologists for refuges that protected entire species from disturbance events of large temporal and spatial scales, such as glaciation or the long-term effects of climate change. A disturbanceinvolves

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The severity of a disturbance is measured by its intensity, duration, and recovery time. Intensity and duration influence the strength of a disturbance and the likelihood of the survival o

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Drought refuges protect plant and animal populations from extreme weather events as climatetrends evolve . They serve as places that support

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Droughtleads to a shift in refuge spacing and connections at different spatial and temporal scales. Droughts disrupt hydrological connectivity and impact resident species through loss of water and flow from drying, habitat reduction, and reconfiguration. Delivery

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A species may use more than one type of refuge during its life cycle. Refugia can be physical characteristics of organisms like short-term behavior or a long-term evolutionary adaptation. Animals and plantshave mechanisms to increase resistance (survival) and resilience

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Because droughtrefuges may provide the only sites allowing populations to persist during droughts, they are highly vulnerable to factors that affect

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