In organic chemistry, sulfonic acid (or sulphonic acid) refers to a member of the class of organosulfur compounds with the general formula R−S(=O) 2 −OH, where R is an organic alkyl or aryl group and the S(=O) 2 (OH) group a sulfonyl hydroxide. As a substituent, it is known as a sulfo group.A sulfonic acid can be thought of as sulfuric acid with one hydroxyl group …

In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. They have the general formula R−O−R′, where R and R′ represent the alkyl or aryl groups.Ethers can again be classified into two varieties: if the alkyl or aryl groups are the same on both sides of the oxygen atom, then it is a simple or symmetrical ...

For primary (and possibly secondary) alkyl halides, a carbocation-like complex with the Lewis acid, [R (+)---(X---MX n) (–)] is more likely to be involved, rather than a free carbocation.. With Alkenes. In commercial applications, the alkylating agents are generally alkenes.Protonation of alkenes generates carbocations, the electrophiles.A laboratory-scale example by the synthesis …

Ethanol (abbr. EtOH; also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound.It is a simple alcohol with the chemical formula C 2 H 6 O.Its formula can be also written as CH 3 −CH 2 −OH or C 2 H 5 OH (an ethyl group linked to a hydroxyl group).Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a characteristic wine-like odor and …

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is an organic reaction in which an atom that is attached to an aromatic system (usually hydrogen) is replaced by an electrophile.Some of the most important electrophilic aromatic substitutions are aromatic nitration, aromatic halogenation, aromatic sulfonation, and alkylation and acylation Friedel–Crafts reaction.

Pyrrole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula C 4 H 4 NH. It is a colorless volatile liquid that darkens readily upon exposure to air. Substituted derivatives are also called pyrroles, e.g., N-methylpyrrole, C 4 H 4 NCH 3. Porphobilinogen, a trisubstituted pyrrole, is the biosynthetic precursor to many natural products such as heme.

In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH) attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R−COOH or R−CO 2 H, with R referring to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other group.Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic …

In organic chemistry, free-radical halogenation is a type of halogenation.This chemical reaction is typical of alkanes and alkyl-substituted aromatics under application of UV light.The reaction is used for the industrial synthesis of chloroform (CHCl 3), dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2), and hexachlorobutadiene.It proceeds by a free-radical chain mechanism.

Sur le plan théorique, on peut utiliser comme oxydant : l'ion permanganate en milieu neutre : la réaction sur l'alcène conduit alors à un diol ; cependant, MnO 4 − reste un oxydant trop fort : s'il a été trop chauffé, il dégrade le diol en acide gras.; On lui préfère donc en général, pour la synthèse de diols, le tétroxyde d'osmium, mais en petite quantité du fait de son ...

In organic chemistry, an electrophilic aromatic halogenation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution. This organic reaction is typical of aromatic compounds and a very useful method for adding substituents to an aromatic system. A few types of aromatic compounds, ...