Ancient Greek phonology is the reconstructed phonology or pronunciation of Ancient Greek.This article mostly deals with the pronunciation of the standard Attic dialect of the fifth century BC, used by Plato and other Classical Greek writers, and touches on other dialects spoken at the same time or earlier. The pronunciation of Ancient Greek is not known from direct observation, but …

A phonological rule is a formal way of expressing a systematic phonological or morphophonological process or diachronic sound change in language.Phonological rules are commonly used in generative phonology as a notation to capture sound-related operations and computations the human brain performs when producing or comprehending spoken language. …

In early Middle English, a vowel /i/ was inserted between a front vowel and a following /h/ (pronounced [ç] in this context), and a vowel /u/ was inserted between a back vowel and a following /h/ (pronounced [x] in this context).. That is a prototypical example of the narrow sense of "vowel breaking" as described above: the original vowel breaks into a diphthong that …

The original Greek alphabet did not have diacritics. The Greek alphabet is attested since the 8th century BC, and until 403 BC, variations of the Greek alphabet—which exclusively used what are now known as capitals—were used in different cities and areas. From 403 on, the Athenians decided to employ a version of the Ionian alphabet. With the spread of Koine Greek, a …

A consonant may be added between vowels to prevent hiatus.That is most often a semivowel or a glottal, but all kinds of other consonants can be used as well, depending on the language and the quality of the two adjacent vowels.For example, some non-rhotic dialects of English often insert /r/ to avoid hiatus after non-high word-final or occasionally morpheme-final vowels.

Strictly speaking, Demotic or Dimotiki (Δημοτική), refers to all popular varieties of Modern Greek that followed a common evolutionary path from Koine and have retained a high degree of mutual intelligibility to the present. As shown in Ptochoprodromic and Acritic poems, Demotic Greek was the vernacular already before the 11th century and called the "Roman" language of the …

L-vocalization has occurred, since Early Modern English, in certain -al-and -ol-sequences before coronal or velar consonants, or at the end of a word or morpheme.In those sequences, /al/ became /awl/ and diphthonged to /ɑul/, while /ɔl/ became /ɔwl/ and diphthonged to /ɔul/. At the end of a word or morpheme, it produced all, ball, call, control, droll, extol, fall, gall, hall, knoll, …

Koine Greek (UK: / ˈ k ɔɪ n iː /; Koine Greek: ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος, romanized: hē koinè diálektos, lit. 'the common dialect'; Greek: [i cyˈni ðiˈalektos]), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, or New Testament Greek was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman ...

In linguistics, umlaut (from German "sound alteration") is a sound change in which a vowel is pronounced more like a following vowel or semivowel.The term umlaut was originally coined in connection with the study of Germanic languages, as it had occurred prominently in the history of many of them (see Germanic umlaut).While a common English plural is umlauts, the German …

In Anglo-Frisian, the language that gave rise to English and the Frisian languages, the velar stops /k ɡ/ and the consonant cluster /sk/ were palatalized in certain cases and became the sounds /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /j/, and /ʃ/.Many words with Anglo-Frisian palatalization survive in Modern English, and the palatalized sounds are typically spelled ch , (d)ge , y , and sh in Modern English.