John II, "The Babymaker", Duke of Cleves, Count of Mark, (German: Johann II. "der Kindermacher", Herzog von Kleve, Graf von Mark) (13 April 1458 – 15 March 1521) was a son of John I, Duke of Cleves and Elizabeth of Nevers. He ruled Cleves from 1481 to his death in 1521. He was called "The Babymaker" as he had fathered sixty-three illegitimate children prior to his …

Early life. John was a son of Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany, son of King James II of Scotland.He was the only son of his father's second marriage, to Anne de la Tour d'Auvergne, daughter of Bertrand VI of Auvergne.The ambitious though unsuccessful Alexander had fled Scotland to France in 1479, and married Anne.

Henry I, Prince of Joinville, Duke of Guise, Count of Eu (31 December 1550 – 23 December 1588), sometimes called Le Balafré ('Scarface'), was the eldest son of Francis, Duke of Guise, and Anna d'Este.His maternal grandparents were Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, and Renée of France.Through his maternal grandfather, he was a descendant of Lucrezia Borgia and Pope …

Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, KG, PC (1473 – 25 August 1554) was a prominent English politician and nobleman of the Tudor era.He was an uncle of two of the wives of King Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, both of whom were beheaded, and played a major role in the machinations affecting these royal marriages.After falling from favour in 1546, …

John Frederick II was the eldest son of John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony and Sibylle of Cleves.He was given a comprehensive education along with his younger brother Johann Wilhelm under the guidance of the legal scholar Basilius Monner.The two brothers were invited to take part in the Aulic Council, where they were able to develop their knowledge of diplomacy at a young …

Life. In 1685, with the death of his Protestant cousin, the Elector Palatine Charles II, Philip William inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate, which thus switched from a Protestant to a Catholic territory.Charles II's sister, now the Duchess of Orléans and Louis XIV's sister-in-law, also claimed the Palatinate. This was the pretext for the French invasion in 1688, which began the Nine ...

In 1576 he was made Duke of Anjou, Touraine, and Berry. Alençon and the Huguenots. During the night of 13 September 1575, Alençon fled from the French court after being alienated from his brother King Henry III as they had had some differences. Both Henry III and Catherine de' Medici feared he would join the Protestant rebels.

Ernest I, called "Ernest the Pious" (25 December 1601 – 26 March 1675), was a duke of Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Altenburg.The duchies were later merged into Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.. He was the ninth but sixth surviving son of Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and Dorothea Maria of Anhalt.His mother was a granddaughter of Christoph, Duke of Württemberg, and great …

John was a leader in the Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire. John died in 1532 and was succeeded by his son John Frederick I. For the first ten years of his reign, John Frederick shared the rule of Ernestine Saxony with his stepbrother, John Ernest, titularly Duke of Saxe-Coburg, who died childless.

Margaret of Anjou (French: Marguerite; 23 March 1430 – 25 August 1482) was Queen of England and nominally Queen of France by marriage to King Henry VI from 1445 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471. Born in the Duchy of Lorraine into the House of Valois-Anjou, Margaret was the second eldest daughter of René, King of Naples, and Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine.