Many of the leading GDP-per-capita (nominal) jurisdictions are tax havens whose economic data is artificially inflated by tax-driven corporate accounting entries.. For instance, the Irish GDP data above is subject to material distortion by the tax planning activities of foreign multinationals in Ireland. To address this, in 2017 the Central Bank of Ireland created "modified GNI" (or GNI*) as …

Map of sovereign states in Europe by projected 2021 GDP (PPP) per capita based on international dollars. An interactive map with estimated data for 2021 from the IMF, using GDP based on purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, shown in current international dollars. $10,000 - 15,000 $15,000 - $20,000 $20,000 - $30,000 $30,000 - $45,000 $45,000 - $60,000 …

(See List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita.) PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem but not others; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade, and it also requires more estimation than GDP per capita. On the whole, PPP per capita figures are more narrowly spread than nominal GDP per capita figures.