Letter names are modified by the accidentals. The sharp sign ♯ raises a note by a semitone or half-step, and a flat ♭ lowers it by the same amount. In modern tuning a half step has a frequency ratio of √2, approximately 1.0595.

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The table below shows each octave and the frequencies for every note of pitch class A. The traditional (Helmholtz) system centers on the great octave (with capital letters) and small

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A written note can also have a note value, a code that determines the note's relative duration. In order of halving duration, they are: double note (breve); whole note (semibreve); half note (minim); quarter note (crotchet); eighth note (quaver); sixteenth note (semiquaver)

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Music can be composed of notes at any arbitrary physical frequency. Since the physical causes of music are vibrations, they are often measured in hertz(Hz), with 1 Hz meaning one vibration per second. For historical and other reasons, especially in Western music, only

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• Ghost note
• Grace note
• Musical tone
• Pensato
• Shape note
• Universal key

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• Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1990) [1987]. Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music [Musicologie générale et sémiologie]. Translated by Carolyn Abbate. ISBN 0-691-02714-5.

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Music notation systems have used letters of the alphabet for centuries. The 6th-century philosopher Boethius is known to have used the first fourteen letters of the classical

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