A motor neuron (or motoneuron or efferent neuron) is a neuron whose cell body is located in the motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands. There are two types of motor neuron – upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons.

An upper motor neuron lesion (also known as pyramidal insufficiency) Is an injury or abnormality that occurs in the neural pathway above the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord or motor nuclei of the cranial nerves.Conversely, a lower motor neuron lesion affects nerve fibers traveling from the anterior horn of the spinal cord or the cranial motor nuclei to the relevant …

A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses.The neuron is the main component of nervous tissue in all animals except sponges and placozoa.Non-animals like plants and fungi do not have nerve cells.. Neurons are typically classified into three types based on their function.

Neuron is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Cell Press, and imprint of Elsevier.It was established in 1988, and covers neuroscience and related biological processes.. The current editor in chief is Mariela Zirlinger. The founding editors were Lily Jan, A. James Hudspeth, Louis Reichardt, Roger Nicoll, and Zach Hall.A past Editor in Chief was Katja Brose.

Beta motor neurons (β motor neurons), also called beta motoneurons, are a kind of lower motor neuron, along with alpha motor neurons and gamma motor neurons.Beta motor neurons innervate intrafusal fibers of muscle spindles with collaterals to extrafusal fibers - a type of slow twitch fiber. Also, axons of alpha, beta, and gamma motor neurons become myelinated.

Gamma-enolase, also known as enolase 2 (ENO2) or neuron specific enolase (NSE), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ENO2 gene. Gamma-enolase is a phosphopyruvate hydratase.. Gamma-enolase is one of the three enolase isoenzymes found in mammals.This isoenzyme, a homodimer, is found in mature neurons and cells of neuronal origin. A switch …

Von Economo neurons (VENs), also called spindle neurons, are a specific class of mammalian cortical neurons characterized by a large spindle-shaped soma (or body) gradually tapering into a single apical axon (the ramification that transmits signals) in one direction, with only a single dendrite (the ramification that receives signals) facing opposite. Other cortical neurons tend to …

In the context of artificial neural networks, the rectifier or ReLU (rectified linear unit) activation function is an activation function defined as the positive part of its argument: = + = (,),where x is the input to a neuron. This is also known as a ramp function and is analogous to half-wave rectification in electrical engineering.. This activation function started showing up in the context ...

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A nociceptor ("pain receptor" from Latin nocere 'to harm or hurt') is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat" signals to the spinal cord and the brain. The brain creates the sensation of pain to direct attention to the body part, so the threat can be mitigated; this process is called nociception