In 911, the Carolingian French ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings under their leader Rollo to settle in Normandy as part of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. In exchange for the land, the Norsemen under Rollo were expected

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In early 1066, Harold's exiled brother, Tostig Godwinson, raided southeastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders, later joined by other ships from Orkney. Threatened by Harold's fleet, Tostig moved north and raided in East Anglia and

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Norman preparations and forces
William assembled a large invasion fleet and an army gathered from Normandy and all over France, including

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Once England had been conquered, the Normans faced many challenges in maintaining control. They were few in number compared to the native English population; including

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Elite replacement
A direct consequence of the invasion was the almost total elimination of the old English aristocracy and the loss of English control over the

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Debate over the conquest started almost immediately. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, when discussing the death of William the Conqueror, denounced him and the conquest in verse, but the

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First rebellions
Despite the submission of the English nobles, resistance continued for several years. William left control of England in the hands of his half-brother

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