The field traces its lineage through business information, business communication, and early mass communication studies published in the 1930s through the 1950s. Until then, organizational

Interpersonal communication amongst individuals can be expressed both verbally and non-verbally, such as through the use of gestures, facial expressions, and overall body language.

Organizational communication refers to exchanging and transmitting information between individuals and groups in different organizations. Communication is an interactive process that

Classical
Emerging out of the Industrial Revolution and the increased mechanization of work, classical approaches to organizing involve a vertical flow of

Some of the main assumptions underlying much of the early organizational communication research were:
• Humans act rationally. Some people do not behave in rational ways, they generally have no access to all of the information needed to make rational

Informal and formal communication are used in an organization. Formal communication flows downward, horizontal and upward while informal communication is

Shockley-Zalabak identified the following two perspectives, essentially as ways of understanding the organizational communication process