Paleoclimatology (British spelling, palaeoclimatology) is the study of climates for which direct measurements were not taken. As instrumental records only span a tiny part of Earth's history, the reconstruction of ancient climate is important to understand natural variation and the evolution of the current climate.. Paleoclimatology uses a variety of proxy methods from Earth and life …

In the study of past climates ("paleoclimatology"), climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth's history.Reliable global records of climate only began in the 1880s, and proxies provide the only means for …

Azolla is a highly productive plant.It can double its biomass in as little as 1.9 days, depending on growing conditions, and yield can reach 8–10 tonnes fresh matter/ha in Asian rice fields. 37.8 t fresh weight/ha (2.78 t DM/ha dry weight) has been reported for Azolla pinnata in India (Hasan et al., 2009).. Azolla floats on the surface of water by means of numerous small, closely …

Geology and paleoclimatology. The Mediterranean Basin was shaped by the ancient collision of the northward-moving African–Arabian continent with the stable Eurasian continent. As Africa–Arabia moved north, it closed the former Tethys Sea, which formerly separated Eurasia from the ancient super continent of Gondwana, of which Africa was part

A shore or a shoreline is the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake.In physical oceanography, a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one.

From ancient times, people suspected that the climate of a region could change over the course of centuries. For example, Theophrastus, a pupil of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in the 4th century BC, told how the draining of marshes had made a particular locality more susceptible to freezing, and speculated that lands became warmer when the clearing of forests exposed them …

The Ohio State University, commonly called Ohio State or OSU, is a public land-grant research university in Columbus, Ohio.A member of the University System of Ohio, it has been ranked by major institutional rankings among the best public universities in the United States.Founded in 1870 as the state's land-grant university and the ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of …

In geochemistry, paleoclimatology and paleoceanography δ 18 O or delta-O-18 is a measure of the ratio of stable isotopes oxygen-18 (18 O) and oxygen-16 (16 O). It is commonly used as a measure of the temperature of precipitation, as a measure of groundwater/mineral interactions, and as an indicator of processes that show isotopic fractionation, like methanogenesis.

Many estimates of past temperatures have been made over Earth's history.The field of paleoclimatology includes ancient temperature records. As the present article is oriented toward recent temperatures, there is a focus here on events since the retreat of the Pleistocene glaciers.The 10,000 years of the Holocene epoch covers most of this period, since the end of …

The surface of the Earth is rotating, so it is not an inertial frame of reference.At latitudes nearer the Equator, the outward centrifugal force produced by Earth's rotation is larger than at polar latitudes. This counteracts the Earth's gravity to a small degree – up to a maximum of 0.3% at the Equator – and reduces the apparent downward acceleration of falling objects.