Parthian was a Western Middle Iranian language. Language contact made it share some features of the Eastern Iranian language group, the influence of which is attested primarily in loanwords. Some traces of Eastern

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The Parthian language was rendered using the Pahlavi writing system, which had two essential characteristics: First, its script derived from Aramaic, the script (and language) of the

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Attestations of the Parthian language include:
• Some 3,000 ostraca (ca. 100–29 BC) found in Nisā in southern Turkmenistan.
• A first century AD parchment

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This sample of Parthian literature is taken from a Manichaean text fragment:
Differences from Middle Persian
Although Parthian was quite similar to Middle Persian in many aspects, we can still observe clear differences in lexical, morphological and

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• Avestan language
• Old Persian language
• Middle Persian

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• Some valuable texts in Parthian including Boyce, Mary The Manichaean hymn-cycles in Parthian (London Oriental Series, Vol. 3). London: Oxford University Press, 1954.
• [ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language Covers the massive lexical and vocabulary

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