Important developments in patent law emerged during the 18th century through a slow process of judicial interpretation of the law. During the reign of Queen Anne, patent applications were required to supply a complete specification of the principles of operation of the invention for public access. Patenting medicines was particular popular in the mid-eighteenth century and then …

Japanese patent law provides that patent infringement is a crime. A person who has infringed a patent right must be engaged in penal servitude for at most ten years, and/or must pay a fine of at most ten million yen (Article 196). In addition to the above penalty for an infringer, a firm that the infringer belongs to must pay a fine of at most ...

European patent law covers a range of legislations including national patent laws, the Strasbourg Convention of 1963, the European Patent Convention of 1973, and a number of European Union directives and regulations.For some states in Eastern Europe, the Eurasian Patent Convention applies.. Patents having effect in most European states may be obtained …

The primary source of letters patent in the United States are intellectual property patents and land patents, though letters patent are issued for a variety of other purposes.They function dually as public records and personal certificates. [citation needed]In the United States, the forgery of letters patent granted by the President is a crime subject to fine, imprisonment up to ten years …

Australian patent law is law governing the granting of a temporary monopoly on the use of an invention, in exchange for the publication and free use of the invention after a certain time. The primary piece of legislation is the Patents Act 1990. Patents are administered by the Commonwealth Government agency IP Australia.Australia is a member state of the World …

A patent portfolio is a collection of patents owned by a single entity, such as an individual or corporation.The patents may be related or unrelated. Patent applications may also be regarded as included in a patent portfolio.. The monetary benefits of a patent portfolio include a market monopoly position for the portfolio holder and revenue from licensing the intellectual property.

The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) is an international patent law treaty, concluded in 1970.It provides a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions in each of its contracting states. A patent application filed under the PCT is called an international application, or PCT application.. A single filing of a PCT application is made with a Receiving Office (RO) in …

The Wright brothers patent war centers on the patent they received for their method of airplane flight control. The Wright brothers were two Americans who are widely credited with inventing and building the world's first flyable airplane and making the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air human flight on December 17, 1903.. In 1906, the Wrights received a U.S. …

The copyright law of the United States grants monopoly protection for "original works of authorship". With the stated purpose to promote art and culture, copyright law assigns a set of exclusive rights to authors: to make and sell copies of their works, to create derivative works, and to perform or display their works publicly.These exclusive rights are subject to a time limit, and …

Patent leather is a type of coated leather that has a high-gloss finish. The coating process was introduced to the United States and improved by inventor Seth Boyden, of Newark, New Jersey, in 1818, with commercial manufacture beginning September 20, 1819.Boyden's process, which he did not patent, used a lacquer coating that was based on linseed oil. ...