Antiquity
The first known phonetic studies were carried out as early as the 6th century BCE by Sanskrit grammarians. The Hindu scholar Pāṇiniis among the most well known of these early

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Language production consists of several interdependent processes which transform a nonlinguistic message into a spoken or signed linguistic

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Speech sounds are created by the modification of an airstream which results in a sound wave. The modification is done by the articulators, with different places and manners of articulation producing different acoustic results. Because the posture of the vocal tract,

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Language perception is the process by which a linguistic signal is decoded and understood by a listener. In order to perceive speech the continuous acoustic signal must be converted

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Human languages use many different sounds and in order to compare them linguists must be able to describe sounds in a way that is language independent. Speech sounds can be described in a number of ways. Most commonly speech sounds are referred to by

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Unlike spoken languages, words in sign languagesare perceived with the eyes instead of the ears. Signs are articulated with the hands, upper

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Acoustic phonetics
Acoustic phonetics deals with the acoustic properties of speech sounds. The sensationof sound is caused by pressure fluctuations which cause

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