A refractometer is a laboratory or field device for the measurement of an index of refraction (refractometry).The index of refraction is calculated from the observed refraction angle using Snell's law.For mixtures, the index of refraction then allows to determine the concentration using mixing rules such as the Gladstone–Dale relation and Lorentz–Lorenz equation

Met een refractometer bepaalt men de brekingsindex van een vloeistof of van een vaste stof. De brekingsindex van vloeistoffen wordt gebruikt voor het identificeren ervan en voor gehaltebepalingen. De brekingsindex van een stof wordt gedefinieerd als de verhouding van de lichtsnelheid in vacuüm ten opzichte van die in de desbetreffende stof.

屈折計（くっせつけい）とは、光速の変化に基づいた物理現象である屈折現象を測る装置の事である。 この現象はスネルの法則によって体系化されている。 正確で再現性の高い測定をするにあたって勘案すべき要素は“波長”と“サンプルの温度”に集約される。

A traditional handheld refractometer is an analog instrument for measuring a liquid's refractive index.It works on the critical angle principle by which lenses and prisms project a shadow line onto a small glass reticle inside the instrument, which is then viewed by the user through a magnifying eyepiece.. In use, a sample is placed between a measuring prism and a small cover plate.

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is a type of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), that separates analytes on the basis of size, typically in organic solvents. The technique is often used for the analysis of polymers.As a technique, SEC was first developed in 1955 by Lathe and Ruthven. The term gel permeation chromatography can be traced back to J.C. Moore of the …

History. Rudimentary education in gemology for jewellers and gemologists began in the nineteenth century, but the first qualifications were instigated after the National Association of Goldsmiths of Great Britain (NAG) set up a Gemmological Committee for this purpose in 1908. This committee matured into the Gemmological Association of Great Britain (also known as …

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Total internal reflection (TIR) is the optical phenomenon in which waves arriving at the interface (boundary) from one medium to another (e.g., from water to air) are not refracted into the second ("external") medium, but completely reflected back into the first ("internal") medium. It occurs when the second medium has a higher wave speed (i.e., lower refractive index) than the first, …

Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.Simple sugars, also called monosaccharides, include glucose, fructose, and galactose.Compound sugars, also called disaccharides or double sugars, are molecules made of two bonded monosaccharides; common examples are sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose …

The refractive index determines how much the path of light is bent, or refracted, when entering a material.This is described by Snell's law of refraction, n 1 sin θ 1 = n 2 sin θ 2, where θ 1 and θ 2 are the angle of incidence and angle of refraction, respectively, of a ray crossing the interface between two media with refractive indices n 1 and n 2.The refractive indices also determine ...