During the 1950s, various computer games were created in the context of academic computer and programming research and for demonstrations of computing power, especially after the introduction later in the

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The gameplay of Spacewar! involves two monochrome spaceshipscalled "the needle" and "the wedge", each controlled by a player, attempting to

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Russell, Graetz and Wiitanen developed the basic Spacewar! concept in the summer of 1961, in anticipation of the PDP-1 being installed. Russell had recently finished reading the

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• Bell, C. Gordon; Mudge, J. Craig; McNamara, John E. (1978). Computer Engineering: A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design. Digital Press. ISBN 978-0-932376-00-8.
• DeMaria, Rusel; Wilson, Johnny L. (December 2003). High Score!: The Illustrated History of

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• Spacewar! page at the Computer History Museum
• The original Spacewar! source code running on PDP-1 emulator in Java, in

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Spacewar! was extremely popular in the small programming community in the 1960s and was widely recreated on other minicomputer and

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