In 1960, UNIVAC built the Livermore Atomic Research Computer (LARC), today considered among the first supercomputers, for the US Navy Research and Development Center. It still used high-speed

 ...

A number of special-purpose systems have been designed, dedicated to a single problem. This allows the use of specially programmed FPGA chips or even custom ASICs,

 ...

Throughout the decades, the management of heat densityhas remained a key issue for most centralized supercomputers. The large amount of heat

 ...

Operating systems
Since the end of the 20th century, supercomputer operating systems have undergone major transformations, based on the changes in supercomputer architecture. While early operating systems were custom

 ...

Cloud computingwith its recent and rapid expansions and development have grabbed the attention of high-performance computing (HPC) users and developers in recent years. Cloud computing attempts to provide HPC-as-a-service exactly like other forms of services

 ...

Capability versus capacity
Supercomputers generally aim for the maximum in capability computing rather than capacity computing. Capability computing is typically thought of as using the maximum computing power to solve a single large problem in the

 ...

Opportunistic approaches
Opportunistic supercomputing is a form of networked grid computing whereby a "super virtual computer" of many loosely coupledvolunteer

 ...