Surface runoff is defined as precipitation(rain, snow, sleet, or hail ) that reaches a surface stream without ever passing below the soil surface. It is distinct from direct runoff, which is runoff that reaches surface streams

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Urbanization increases surface runoff by creating more impervious surfaces such as pavement and buildings that do not allow percolation of the water down through the soil to the

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Erosion and deposition
Surface runoff can cause erosion of the Earth's surface; eroded material may be depositeda considerable distance away. There are four main types

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Runoff is analyzed by using mathematical models in combination with various water qualitysampling methods. Measurements can be made using continuous automated water quality analysis

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• Agricultural wastewater – Contamination of water bodies
• Agricultural nutrient runoff
• Catchwater

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• USDA NRCS National Engineering Handbook, Stage Discharge Relationships, Ch. 14
• NutrientNet, an online nutrient trading tool developed by the World Resources Institute,

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Mitigation of adverse impacts of runoff can take several forms:
• Land use development controls aimed at minimizing impervious surfaces in urban areas

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