Topsoil is the upper layer of soil. It has the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms and is where most of the Earth's biological soil activity occurs. Description. Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). ...

Used in: WRB, USDA soil taxonomy, others: WRB code: PZ: Profile: O(Ah)EBhsC: Key process: podzolization: Parent material: quartz rich debris and sediment: Climate: humid continental, subarctic, oceanic, equatorial: H: common O: always, has humified organic matter mixed with minerals A: absent in most boreal podzols E: common, is ashen grey and leached in Fe and Al …

Prairie in North America is usually split into three groups: wet, mesic, and dry. They are generally characterized by tallgrass prairie, mixed, or shortgrass prairie, depending on the quality of soil and rainfall.. Wet. In wet prairies the soil is usually very moist, including during most of the growing season, because of poor water drainage.The resulting stagnant water is conducive to …

A house is a single-unit residential building.It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Houses use a range of different roofing systems to keep precipitation such as rain from getting into the dwelling space.

Bond events are North Atlantic ice rafting events that are tentatively linked to climate fluctuations in the Holocene.Eight such events have been identified. Bond events were previously believed to exhibit a roughly c. 1,500-year cycle, but the primary period of variability is now put at c. 1,000 years.. Gerard C. Bond of the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University was …

History. The first instance of archaeological excavation took place in the sixth century BC when Nabonidus, the king of Babylon, excavated a temple floor that was thousands of years old. During early Roman periods, Julius Caesar's men looted bronze artifacts, and by the medieval period, Europeans had begun digging up pots that had partially emerged from erosion, and weapons …

The tallgrass prairie is an ecosystem native to central North America.Historically, natural and anthropogenic fire, as well as grazing by large mammals (primarily bison) provided periodic disturbances to these ecosystems, limiting the encroachment of trees, recycling soil nutrients, and facilitating seed dispersal and germination.Prior to widespread use of the steel plow, which …

Benin (/ b ɛ ˈ n iː n / ben-EEN, / b ɪ ˈ n iː n / bin-EEN; French: Bénin), officially the Republic of Benin (French: République du Bénin), and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa.It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north-west, and Niger to the north-east. The majority of its population lives on the southern coastline of the Bight of ...

The Frank Slide was a massive rockslide that buried part of the mining town of Frank in the District of Alberta of the North-West Territories, Canada, at 4:10 a.m. on April 29, 1903. Around 44 million cubic metres/110 million tonnes (120 million short tons) of limestone rock slid down Turtle Mountain. Witnesses reported that within 100 seconds the rock reached up the opposing hills ...

Contour bunding or contour farming or Contour ploughing is the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines.These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy precipitation, allowing more time for the water to settle into the soil. In contour plowing, the ruts made by the plow …