Classical Antiquity
When Republican Rome turned into a de facto monarchyin the second half of the 1st century BC, at first there was no name for the title of the new type of monarch. Ancient Romans abhorred

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The Emperor of the Romans' title was a reflection of the translatio imperii (transfer of rule) principle that regarded the Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the

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The first Austrian Emperor was the last Holy Roman Emperor, Franz II. In the face of aggressions by Napoleon, Francis feared for the future of the

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Ottoman rulers held several titles denoting their Imperial status. These included: Sultan, Khan, Sovereign of the Imperial House of Osman

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Pre-Columbian traditions
The Aztec and Inca traditions are unrelated to one another. Both were conquered under the reign of King Charles I of Spainwho

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In Persia, from the time of Darius the Great, Persian rulers used the title "King of Kings" (Shahanshahin Persian) since they had dominion over peoples

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Byzantium's close cultural and political interaction with its Balkan neighbors Bulgaria and Serbia, and with Russia (Kievan Rus', then Muscovy) led to the adoption of Byzantine imperial traditions in all of these countries.
Bulgaria

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