Napoleon seized power in 1799, creating a military dictatorship. There are a number of opinions on the date to use as the formal beginning of the Napoleonic Wars; 18 May 1803 is often used, when Britain and France ended the only

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The outbreak of the French Revolution had been received with great alarm by the rulers of Europe's continental powers, which had been further exacerbated by the execution of Louis XVI of France, and the overthrow of the French monarchy. In 1793, the

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Britain was irritated by several French actions following the Treaty of Amiens. Bonaparte had annexed Piedmont and Elba, made himself President of the Italian Republic,

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The Napoleonic Wars brought radical changes to Europe, but the reactionary forces returned and restored the Bourbon houseto the French throne. Napoleon had succeeded in bringing

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Enlarged scope
Until the time of Napoleon, European states employed relatively small armies, made up of both national

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Intelligence played a pivotal factor throughout the Napoleonic Wars and could very well have changed the tide of war. The use and misuse of military intelligence dictated the course of

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War between Britain and France, 1803–1814
British motivations
Britain ended the uneasy

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